The Warming Of Relations Between Cuba And The United States

A controversial subject,yet not spoken about enough,the warming of relations between Cuba and the U.S exists only due to the two countries having a rough past with each other. This â€Å"rough past† consists of aspects such as the protectorate status the U.S had previously put onto Cuba, which severely limited their independence and the U.S had, ironically, just helped them achieve. Some take a stance that we as countries should stay distant from each other due to our vast governmental and cultural differences,and that reparations,due to this rough past between the two, render repairs impossible. Though this believed for valid reasons, good relations between the two countries harbors a number of benefits including, but not limited to: improved trade with Cuba,as well as other countries outside of Cuba, improving government for Cuba, and opening of jobs in both Cuba and the United States. For these reasons, the good immensely outweighs the possible bad in improving relations b etween the two, and both should continue efforts to achieve this goal. To go in depth on why the two countries have a rough past would lead all the way back to the cold war. In 1959, the famous leader Fidel Castro and a group of revolutionaries â€Å"seized power in Havana† and in turn â€Å"overthrowing Fulgencio Batista†(U.S-Cuba Relations). Despite disagreeing with Castro’s communist regime, the U.S recognized Cuban government. Castro then increased trade with the Soviet Union, Nationalized U.S ownedShow MoreRelatedThe United States1267 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing nearly six decades of severed diplomatic relations, President Obama announced in September 2015 that the United States would loosen a variety of economic restrictions on Cuba. This announcement came in the wake of a â€Å"diplomatic thaw† beginning in December 2014 with the intention of normalizing political, social, and economic relations between the two nations. While Cuba remains under restrictions imposed by the 1960 Cuban Embargo, the steps taken by the Obama administration represent aRead MoreU.s. Cuba Relations : A Discussion Of Constructivism And Realism1329 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. – Cuba Relations: A Discussion of Constructivism and Realism During the Cold War, relations between Cuba and the United States were icy. Cuba was allied with the USSR, America’s enemy, and was well within their sphere of influence. With events like the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis happening on their soil, Cuba was at the center of the Cold War. Between ideological differences and their alliance with Russia, Cuba became an enemy of America as well. It took the effortsRead MoreThe Cold War and US Diplomacy1296 Words   |  5 Pageschief for a brief period of years, not even fulfilling a full term, he was extremely beloved. Not just for the work that he completed in the United States, such as founding the Peace Corps, but for his strategic and diplomatic relations with what were often extremely tense diplomatic relations. One of the most famous incidents of precarious international relations was the Cuban Missile Crisis; it was during this occasion that Kennedy had to use strategic and rock solid diplomatic tec hniques. The CubanRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesmany immigrated citizens coming into the United States every year. However, we question the ones who are undocumented immigrants. The United States has concerns about the Islamic State group who grows every day. Greenhouse gases or carbon is destroying the society by producing carbon, which traps heat into our earth. Climate change and energy is a big factor in our economy, yet it damages our environment. Clinton’s proposal between the foreign relations is to build and reinforce alliances in theRead MoreGlobal Affairs As A Multidisciplinary Field Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagespopular section is the â€Å"International Relations† section. Most of the articles focus on political issues between nations (International New York Times). George Mason and the New York Times both give good definitions to the broad aspect of what Global Affairs is. However, there are some restrictions within those definitions. Global Affairs is a very broad field of study, because it involves every country of the world, and every possible issue and relationship between them. In order to create a concentratedRead MoreHow Did The Bay Of Pigs Invasion And The Cuban Missile Crisis Affect The Cold War3334 Words   |  14 PagesThe Cold War began in 1947 and was, obviously, a war fought between the Western and Eastern Blocs. The Western Bloc consisted of the United States and the allies in the National Atlantic Treaty Organization (which was formed 2 years after the war had started). The Eastern Bloc consisted of the Soviet Union (now Russia) and other communist countries like Cuba. The reason the Cold War got its name as a war that cold is because there were no large battles ever fought, it was a war of technological advancesRead MoreThe U nited States And Soviet Union Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pageswhich saw massive shifts in the administrations of the United States and Soviet Union, maintained an atmosphere of suspicion, wariness, and skepticism. This theme of uncertainty and caution was the logical product of decades of both American and Soviet duplicity, confrontation, and militarization. Yet, despite this mistrust between the polar Cold War belligerents, and contrary to the early rhetoric of the Reagan administration, the United States and Soviet Union modified their perceptions of each other’sRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Alternative Energy3097 Words   |  13 Pagesbecome uneconomical. In the same way, the pollutants given off by using these energy materials are believed to be the leading cause of global warming; which has become more accepted both socially and scientifically in the last decade. This is an ever growing global economic issue. As fossil fuel reserves dwindle, and the looming threat of global warming increases, alternative energy sources like that which comes from the sun, from climate-based sources, and from nuclear power will pave the wayRead MoreThe Soviet Union During The Cold War1702 Words   |  7 Pagesunification in Europe, and left the United States standing as the sole military superpower in the world. But the collapse of communism did not end all the anxieties present during the Cold War era. The transition in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union proved rocky, and Westerners realized that despite their lofty global place, they could no longer keep the rest of the world at arm’s length. 2.By the first decade of the 21st century, People’s Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and North KoreaRead More Hugo Chavez: Love Him or Loathe Him? Essay4572 Words   |  19 Pagessaid Chavez, that if anything happens to me, the person responsible will be the President of the United States (â€Å"Defying U.S., Venezuela’s Chavez Embrace Socialism†). Who is Hugo Chavez? And why would he have the audacity to regard himself as a threat -- indeed, a lethal threat -- to the most powerful country on earth? And does he really believe he is so dangerous in the eyes of the United States that he would be viewed as a candidate for extermination? Hugo Chavez is the duly elected

Tilting Windmills Sanex Tries to Conquer Europe Free Essays

Course: Marketing Management Case Study: â€Å"Tilting Windmills – Sanex Tries to Conquer Europe 1st Question: What were the reasons for the success of Sanex in Spain? The product Sanex, or moreover the Sanex concept, became a success in Spain because the company responsible for it, CVL, and it’s local President, Mr. Martin Munoz, carried out one of the first rules of Marketing: they invented a Consumer’s need and provided the right answer for it. Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Tilting Windmills: Sanex Tries to Conquer Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now Munoz was able to find a gap in the Household and Personal Care (HPC) Market, and namely in the Bath Shower Products Market, where we could only find, in the mid 1980’s, 2 types of products: Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals. After studying this market along with his management team, Mr. Munoz realized that the first ones were perceived as lower end products, abrasive (sometimes giving rashes to its users) and with strong scents, only suitable for cleaning one’s body and not offering additional properties. The second ones were perceived by costumers as being suitable for almost medicinal purposes only, with no day-to-day applicability. Pharmaceuticals were not appealing to the mass consumer, namely because they had no perfume in its composition, besides being rather more expensive than their counterpart ones. We could find Cosmetics in supermarket chains and Pharmaceuticals in pharmacies. In this way, we can say that Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals divided the Bath Shower Products Market, but in fact these were 2 completely different segments of the Market, with totally different approaches and Marketing Mix, being it in terms of Product, Price, Placement or Publicity. Accordingly, Mr. Munoz realized that there was a huge gap in the Market and thus started developing a product that should position itself between Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals: it should be cleansing as Cosmetics were, but slightly milder, and should offer a protection side as the Pharmaceuticals did. It should embrace the best of those 2 opposite worlds, but should be aimed at the mass consumer market. The result was the creation of Sanex and of a whole new category in the Body Care Market: Dermo-Protectors. The team readily started to develop and fine tune the Marketing Mix of Sanex. 1 Concerning the product in itself, they chose it to be white in order to differentiate itself from cosmetics (colorful) and pharmaceuticals (transparent). Sanex should also be soft and slightly perfumed. Cosmetics had strong perfumes and pharmaceuticals were odorless. Sanex should produce more foam lather than pharmaceuticals, but less than cosmetics. Sanex would ultimately have to provide a day-to-day cleansing function but also a protective effect to ones skin, thus contributing for it to be healthy. A great deal of concern was also taken into account concerning the packaging of the product. In terms of pricing, and regarding the positioning of the product, Sanex should be proposed at a premium price, closely linked with the highest price of its cosmetic counterpart so that it could be reachable by mass consumers. This was considered to be the right price. Another important aspect concerning its large scale availability was distribution, and Sanex was thought out to be available in supermarket chains and retail outlets. Lastly, a great deal of importance was given to the communication aspect. Being a whole new product, produced by a company that was in this market for the first time, Mr. Munoz realized that awareness of the product would be very important so he asked for an advertising campaign that should be adroit and credible, able to convey the message that using Sanex would not only result in a clean skin but also in an healthy skin. This was the Sanex concept. A whole new different concept. With the correct Marketing Mix, Sanex was launched in Spain in 1985 and became a winner almost instantly. Followers appeared with â€Å"substitute† products beginning in 1986, but Mr. Munoz used its 1st mover advantage and continued investment of revenue in strong advertising support, year after year, to ultimately achieve a Share of Voice of 37% in 1990 and continued leading market share throughout those years. 2 2nd Question: Do you think the reasons for success and the strategies used in Spain can migrate to other countries? Being a concept that didn’t exist in many other countries, Sanex had all odds in favor in order to replicate the success it had in Spain in other countries. That way, the reasons for success were all there. In fact, Mr. Munoz was invited by Sara Lee/DE headquarters, the mother company of CVL, based in the Netherlands, to roll out Sanex throughout Europe as a coordinator. Mr. Munoz’s firm beliefs were that the objectives, product policy and marketing policy of introducing Sanex should be identical for all the countries, and replicated exactly as done in Spain. Initially the different subsidiaries in countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, UK and Greece were quite unfavorable, namely due to the name of the brand and product characteristics. In the Netherlands, France and Denmark, management’s disbelief was confirmed by initial market research and local product testing that presented dismal results. However, in time, Sanex proved to be a success in all this markets and the way it got there was by implementing the same strategy and keeping the same product name and identity, as defined by Mr. Munoz. The only country where Sanex failed was in the UK, apparently because it was the only one where local management distorted the original product by changing the product’s name (from Sanex to Sante) and the market strategies accordingly. This way, it appears that Sanex could become a global brand and its marketing mix could be implemented in different countries, with minor adaptations, as illustrated by the stated above. I think this is particularly true in countries such as those in the EU where there is a convergence in terms of buying power, people’s interests/concerns, market structure and distribution channels. Last but not least, if nothing else, the uniqueness of the product/brand/concept should allow it to cut across borders and be managed as a whole. How to cite Tilting Windmills: Sanex Tries to Conquer Europe, Essay examples

Nutritional Science for Hypoferritinaemia and IDA -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNutritional Science for Hypoferritinaemia and IDA. Answer: Healthy diets A healthy body and a health mind is the way to a healthy life. A healthy body can be maintained only by opting a healthy diet and routined physical activity. A balanced diet is a diet that contains all the nutrients in proportionate amount. Balanced diet varies as per the age and to some extent the profession. A body requires both the calorigenic food as well as the protective foods like vitamins and minerals as per the requirements of the body. The eating habits are also determined by the clinical condition of a patient such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, obesity and more. Healthy diets include whole grains, high fiber foods. Fruits, vegetables, lentils, beans, millets, unprocessed maize, brown rice. Intake of fat should be reduced to prevent unhealthy weight gain. Intake of processed sugars should be avoided, by limiting the consumption of food and drinks containing sugar (Family doctor.org. 2012) . Macronutrients Macronutrients are the nutrients that are used in large amounts for maintaining the body function and the generation of energy. The three main macronutrients are proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Food and mood has an inseparable connection and depends entirely on brain health. Refined carbohydrates are found to degrade brain health as they may interfere with the release of the neurotransmitters. They do not have any nutritional value and mainly cause the vascular swelling and insulin sensitivity. Complex carbohydrates on the other hand are found in fruits, vegetables and nuts are responsible for the brain health as it helps in the secretion of serotonin that helps in keeping the brain healthy. Protein is the body building nutrient, but it is essential to avoid gluten as it decrease the level of the tryptophan in the brain, thus decreasing the production of the melatonin and serotonin. Quinoas, amaranth are some gluten free grains. Whole grains are excellent in protecting the brain he alth. Nutrients like Vitamins, Omega-3 Fatty acids are effective in maintaining the cognitive function (Dr. Group's Healthy Living Articles, 2018). Micronutrients Micronutrients are required in small amount for the growth, development of the body. Most of the young women suffer from micronutrient deficiencies during the child bearing age. Micronutrient deficiencies can be because of micronutrients like iron, Vitamin B12, homocysteine, zinc, selenium, folate and copper. According to studies many women have been found to be suffering from Hypoferritinaemia and IDA. Serum ferritin has been found in low concentrations in young women and is related to the risk of AD. The serum zinc concentration is found to be in consistent concentration those who are omnivorous. As per the study the amount of micronutrients that have been found in low quantities are Iron, Vitamin B 12, and suboptimal selenium level (Fayet et al.2013). Energy balance and weight control The Secret of weight control lies in the consumption of the energy balanced food. Physical exercises can play and important part of the weight control, but balanced foods such as complex crabs, lean proteins can help fueling up the body. Energy balance not only helps to manage weight but also aids to maintain the cholesterol level, lowers blood pressure and other chronic disease prevention. Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy and other unprocessed food should be the food of choice at the grocery store (familydoctor.org). Nutrition and Performance/Health (physical or mental) Proper nutrition is not only necessary for maintaining the physical status but is also required for the proper functioning of the brain. Researches are going on regarding the development of nutrition based supplements for addressing the mental health issues. Scientific researchers have indicated that food plays a crucial role in the management of the mental health problems such as schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease and clinical expression. Amino acids, vitamin D, iodine, iron, choline, magnesium and omega-3s have been associated with brain health. Studies have suggested that probiotics can help to reduce the anxiety level and also helps in the improvement of mood and appetite (www.worldhealth.net). Life cycle nutrition Different stage of life has got different nutritional needs. Nutritional requirements during pregnancy are quite crucial as it affects not only the health of the mother but also the fetus. A pregnant women having poor nutritional status have a greater risk of having pre-term birth. Over weight mothers on the other hand develop risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and hypertension. Some of the nutrients that are associated with pregnancy and lactation are folic acids, iron, vitamin D, Calcium, Zinc. Iron supplements and folic acid supplements have been found to be useful during the second and the third trimesters of pregnancy. Proper dosage of folic acid supplement mitigates the risk of neural damage and anencephaly in brain. The overall nutritional requirements during pregnancy should be taken care of. For example excess vitamin A taken during the early periods of pregnancy might cause brain damage in the fetus (Human nutrition 2018). Global issues in nutrition Food insecurity is considered as one of the social determinants of health. As per the report by The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), about 925 million of the people in the whole world are undernourished, with larger percentage living in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Discussing about food security, it has got three different aspects. First is the availability of the food, second is the accessibility of the food and finally the food utilization. There are a number of factors affecting the person's accessibility to food. Lack of job opportunities can be an important cause of food inaccessibility. Nutritional education is necessary for the appropriate usage of food. Nutritional education involves the disease prevention and the maintenance of proper sanitation and hygiene (peacecorps.gov. 2018). Food safety Food safety is important for the all and can be accomplished by simple steps. Cooking food at proper temperature is the best way to have safe foods. Microwaves are convenient in reheating, cooking of defrosting food, but food poisoning can occur if not used properly. It is advisable to use the containers that are microwave -safe. Plastic containers or the Styrofoam trays may melt or burn and can release toxic chemicals to the food. Food should be defrosted before cooking and cooking should be done immediately after defrosting. It is advisable to cook larger pieces of meat at 50 % of the power for a longer period of time. Leftovers should be heated in temperature of about 74 degree. It is necessary to observe the standing time for the micro waved food as it would allow complete cooking and even distribution of heat within the food (www.canada.ca). References Dr. Group's Healthy Living Articles. (2018).6 Facts About the Food-Mood Connection. [online] Available at: https://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/6-facts-food-mood-connection/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. Fayet-Moore, F., Petocz, P. and Samman, S., 2014. Micronutrient status in female university students: iron, zinc, copper, selenium, vitamin B12 and folate. Nutrients, 6(11), pp.5103-5116. Food safety tips for microwaves. [online] Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/general-food-safety-tips/microwaves.html. [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Global Issues: Food Security. [online] Available at: https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-food-security/ Human nutrition - Nutrition throughout the life cycle. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-nutrition/Nutrition-throughout-the-life-cycle. Nutrition: Tips for Improving Your Health. familydoctor.org. [online] Available at: https://familydoctor.org/nutrition-tips-for-improving-your-health/ [Accessed 2018]. The Importance of Nutrition in Mental Health. [online] Available at: https://www.worldhealth.net/news/importance-nutrition-mental-health/ Weight Control Secret: Energy Balance. [online] Available at: https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/weight-control-secret-energy-balance#1.

Purpose Of Human Life Essays - Theatre Of The Absurd,

Purpose Of Human Life The purpose of human life is an unanswerable question. It seems impossible to find an answer because we don't know where to begin looking or whom to ask. Existence, to us, seems to be something imposed upon us by an unknown force. There is no apparent meaning to it, and yet we suffer as a result of it. The world seems utterly chaotic. We therefore try to impose meaning on it through pattern and fabricated purposes to distract ourselves from the fact that our situation is hopelessly unfathomable. Waiting for Godot is a play that captures this feeling and view of the world, and characterizes it with archetypes that symbolize humanity and its behaviour when faced with this knowledge. According to the play, a human being's life is totally dependant on chance, and, by extension, time is meaningless; therefore, a human+s life is also meaningless, and the realization of this drives humans to rely on nebulous, outside forces, which may be real or not, for order and direction. The basic premise of the play is that chance is the underlying factor behind existence. Therefore human life is determined by chance. This is established very early on, when Vladimir mentions the parable of the two thieves from the Bible. One of the thieves was saved. It's a reasonable percentage (Beckett, 8). The idea of percentage is important because this represents how the fate of humanity is determined; it is random, and there is a percentage chance that a person will be saved or damned. Vladimir continues by citing the disconcordance of the Gospels on the story of the two thieves. And yet...how is it - this is not boring you I hope - how is it that of the four Evangelists only one speaks of a thief being saved. The four of them were there - or thereabouts - and only one speaks of a thief being saved (Beckett, 9). Beckett makes an important point with this example of how chance is woven into even the most sacred of texts that is supposed to hold ultimate truth for humanity. All four disciples of Chirst are supposed to have been present during his crucifixion and witnessed the two thieves, crucified with Jesus, being saved or damned depending on their treatment of him in these final hours. Of the four, only two report anything peculiar happening with the thieves. Of the two that report it, only one says that a thief was saved while the other says that both were damned. Thus, the percentages go from 100%, to 50%, to a 25% chance for salvation. This whole matter of percentages symbolizes how chance is the determining factor of existence, and Beckett used the Bible to prove this because that is the text that humanity has looked to for meaning for millenia. Even the Bible reduces human life to a matter of chance. On any given day there is a certain percent chance that one will be saved as opposed to damned, and that person is powerless to affect the decision. The fate of the thieves, one of whom was saved and the other damned according to the one of the four accounts that everybody believes, becomes as the play progresses a symbol of the condition of man in an unpredictable and arbitrary universe (Webb, 32). God, if he exists, contributes to the chaos by his silence. The very fact that God allows such an arbitrary system to continue makes him an accomplice. The French philosopher Pascal noted the arbitrariness of life and that the universe worked on the basis of percentages. He advocated using such arbitrariness to one's advantage, including believing in God because, if he doesn't exist, nobody would care in the end, but if he does, one was on the safe side all along, so one can't lose. It is the same reasoning that Vladimir uses in his remark quoted above, It's a reasonable percentage. But it is God's silence throughout all this that causes the real hopelessness, and this is what makes Waiting for Godot a tragedy amidst all the comical actions of its characters: the silent plea to God for meaning, for answers, which symbolizes the plea of all humanity, and God's silence in response. The recourse to bookkeeping by the philosopher [Pascal] no less than the clownish tramp shows how helpless we are with respect to God+s silence (Astro, 121). Either God does not exist, or he does not care. Whichever is the case, chance and arbitrariness determine human life in the absence of

Lab report for sheep facility Essay

Lab report for sheep facility Essay Lab report for sheep facility Essay ANS 41L Long Report about Sheep Industry The sheep facility we visited was started in 1880. It is a commercial sheep farm, which only has no purebred sheep. There are about 1300 ewes and 37 rams. Most of the sheep are crossbred with Rambouillet and Dorset genetic. All of them are white face sheep. The crossbred they have is to improve meat quality. Also, the way to choose ram is according to EPD value. Comparing the data we collect from the producer to the America Sheep Industry Association Survey 2010 data, we can find that some values are quit similar. For example, ASI 2010 survey shows that percentage of lamb born per ewe is 158.65%ï ¼Å'and percentage of lamb wean is 145.80%. This sheep farm we visited have a 140% lambing and weaning percentage. There are still many differences. The breed this sheep farm has are only white face breeds. According to ASI 2010 survey, it show that producer on average keep 13.3% Suffolk and 9.5% Rambouillet in their flock. Suffolk is black face sheep. However, this producer keeps none of black face sheep. The producer gives reasons for why they have white face sheep instead of black face sheep. White face breed have longer longevity and better wool. They have relative less problems. So it is easier for them to keep white face sheep on the farm. The farm also does better in some aspects compare to the average data collect by ASI (ASI, 2010). For example, their culling percentage is 10%, which is much lower than 19.42% from the ASI survey. Their lambing season is different from common sheep industry. They have spring and fall two lambing seasons. The breeding times matched to these two laming time are May and October. The advantage for having these two lambing seasons is that there will be more and better forage after the lamb coming out. Most of the sheep are fall lambing. According to Cruces’s article, there are three different seasonal breeding: spring, fall and winter (Cruces, 2001). However, spring may be a bette r season for lambing than fall because it follows the sheep’s breeding and lambing time. Higher lamb crop will be expected in spring than fall (Cruces, 2001). Also, fall lambing will have more heat stress to deal with. However, this producer did not mention how he solves this problem. This farm did not use AI for breeding. AI is not common used by sheep industry. Although, AI can use frozen ram semen, which may benefic in reproduction, it is still too costly because the producer said that AI in sheep needs surgical procedure (Cruces, 2001). Castration and tail docking time are similar to common sheep industry. This farm does these procures early on one to two days age. Cruces stated that these procedures should be done by 7 to 10 day of age, the early the better (Cruces, 2001). The producer sated that it is less painful and faster recovery if the procedures are done at very early age. There are two aspects impressing me very much: grain-growing work with sheep rising and elec trical recording system. One third of the total area is used to grow grain, depending on the seasons. The rest of the acres are pastures for sheep. The producer use sheep to clean up the field after the grain harvest. Sheep can clean up the left over, as well as the weeds. It is a very clever system because the sheep and grain production benefit each other. They can spend less time, money and energy. Also, the electronic microchip recording system amazed me. The ear tagging not only contains the number to show the identification of the sheep but also records the data of the sheep. When the producer scans the ear tagging, it will show the information of that sheep. It is a very convenient way to track each sheep, and the data is very easy to assess. However, the operation is still facing many challenging. As the

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Lab Safety Quiz

Printable Chemistry Quiz - Lab Safety Quiz You can take this printable chemistry quiz online or print it out to try later. This multiple choice test covers basic lab safety concepts. You may wish to review lab safety before you get started. You should pipette by mouth:(a) Always. Its a fast and efficient method of measuring liquids.(b) Only when you cant find a pipette bulb or think it might be dirty.(c) Only when you are sure your instructor, lab assistant, or co-worker isnt looking.(d) Never. And if you thought about answering yes to any other the other choices, should be expelled.When you are finished using a Bunsen burner you should:(a) Leave it on for the next person to use. Its the only considerate choice.(b) Cover the burner with an inverted beaker to suffocate the flame. It works well for candles, too.(c) Pull off the hose connecting the burner to the gas. The burner wont have gas, so it wont be on fire.(d) Turn off the gas. Duh!If you feel dizzy or sick while working near the fume hood you should:(a) Head out to grab a cola or a snack. Maybe its low blood sugar. Dont tell anyone - why bother them.(b) Meh, no big deal. Do nothing. Fume hoods always protect you from harmful chemicals. The sooner you get finished the sooner you can leave.(c) Report your symptoms to whoever is responsible for that fume hood. It might be nothing, but on the other hand, maybe the hood wasnt functioning properly and you were exposed to something. Look up the MSDS for whatever was in the hood, too. Leave the lab, after contacting the proper person. If you catch on fire you should:(a) Panic. Yelling FIRE at the top of your lungs to let others know about the danger is good. Be sure to run as quickly as possible to blow out the flame.(b) Water fixes everything. Head for the nearest safety shower and drown the flame.(c) Pull the fire alarm and look for help. Hope the fire doesnt burn you too badly before you can take some form of action.(d) Smother the flame. Those blankets in the lab are there for a reason. Some fire doesnt really care about water, but all flames need oxygen. Get help, too. You werent working alone in the lab though, right?Your glassware is clean enough to eat off of, which is why you poured yourself a refreshing glass of water into a beaker to quench your thirst. Too bad you didnt label it. You should:(a) Go on with your business. Are you saying there is some safety issue here? I scoff at you!(b) Just be really careful about keeping it separate from other beakers filled with clear liquid.Hydrochloric acid.. water .. there is a difference, but I can smell the acid before I drink it.(c) Label it before you forget which beaker it is. Youre sure there are no residual chemicals in the glassware and positive nothing could accidentally splash into your drink.(d) Look back to an earlier answer about how you should be slapped for stupidity. Food and drinks dont belong in the lab. Period. You really want to impress a certain person in your lab. You should:(a) Be sure to wear contacts, not glasses, and just be really careful about chemical fumes. Got long hair? Dont tie it back, flaunt it. Nice legs? Wear something short, with sandals to show off those toes. Also, impress him or her by doing something daring in the lab. Choose something involving fire.(b) Ditch the lab coat and goggles. Dress to impress. Theres no way the person can tell your fashion sense when you cover it with safety gear.(c) Hey.. lab coats are cool! Only ditch the goggles.(d) Impress him or her with how incredibly competent you are in the lab. That includes your ability to follow safe lab procedures.You are really curious about chemistry and chemical reactions. You wonder what would happen if you mixed chemicals in a different way or introduced something new into a procedure. You should:(a) Stomp that curiosity down. Chemists do what they are told. Nothing more, nothing less.(b) Run with it. Mix an d match chemicals to your hearts desire. Whats the worst that could happen? Explosion? You laugh. Toxic fumes? As if.(c) Get the Nobel prize for your brilliance. But first.. lets try things and see how they work. But as for the scientific method and making predictions? Thats for sissies.(d) Be applauded for your curiosity, imagination, and quest for innovation, but be very, very careful about altering procedures. If its a lab experiment for a grade, dont deviate from the procedure. Otherwise, make a prediction about what could happen based on your observations. Research possible reactions and consequences before playing mix-and-match in the lab. There is a container on the lab bench containing some unknown chemical. You should:(a) Dump it, wash the glassware. Some people are slobs.(b) Move it out of the way in case it is dangerous. Otherwise, not your problem.(c) Leave it. The rightful owner will claim it eventually.(d) Find your lab supervisor and ask what to do. If you are the lab supervisor, remove the container (noting its location), hunt down the offender, and try to get some idea what could be in the beaker so you know how to dispose of it.If you break a mercury thermometer, or otherwise spill mercury, you should:(a) Leave it for others to find. Accidents happen. Its pretty obvious it was mercury. No big deal.(b) Grab some paper towels, clean it up, and throw it away. Problem solved.(c) Clean it up, being sure to throw away the mercury-contaminated items where heavy metals go. Dont bother anyone about the spill though. What they dont know cant hurt them.(d) Leave it alone, but call your instructor or lab assistant over immediately to deal with the spill. Youre alone? Call whoever is responsible for lab accidents. Only clean up the spill if you have been trained to deal with mercury. Dont pretend like it didnt happen. You see someone in your lab engaged in an unsafe lab practice. You should:(a) Point and laugh. They will clue in and change their behavior from the humiliation.(b) Point and laugh and tell the person what an idiot he or she is being, and why the lab practice is unsafe.(c) Ignore them. Not your problem.(d) Nicely, politely point out the possible danger and how to avoid it. Youre non-confrontational? Find someone with more courage who can tactfully correct the problem. (Okay, maybe if its pipetting by mouth or thwacking the cap on an ether bottle with a screwdriver the second answer is worth considering.) Answers:1 d, 2 d, 3 c, 4 d, 5 d, 6 d, 7 d, 8 d, 9 d, 10 d This quiz is available in an online format that is scored automatically. Lab Safety Quiz Key Takeaways Know the location and proper operation of safety equipment.Follow proper procedures in the lab.If you see something, say something. Dont ignore safety issues.If an accident occurs, immediately report it.

History and Culture of Medieval Italy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History and Culture of Medieval Italy - Essay Example For more than four centuries Italians were struggling to preserve their identity. Italy cannot be referred to it as merely the geographic unity, it is the national identity shaped and modified by culture of Medieval Italy which evolved into the nation known as "Italians" to the world today. From the early medieval ages, Italians were different from their neighbours. They preferred to live on the tops of the hills, while the Romans lived in the valleys (Hodges 47). Based on the interpretation of the medieval monastic sources, hilltop villages evolved along with the Italian life out of the introduction of the monetary economy in the 9th century. This transformation has led to the process of incastellamento - the foundation of castelli on the top of the hills. Notably, Italian cities had the tendency not to grow, but to reduce as well. Unlike many other Italian urban centres, Florence's growth has declined in the 7th and 8th centuries, while Rome and Milan became the centres occupied only by aristocracy. Rural estates and houses of aristocracy were built in the distinct towns. Hodges continues that "the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 6th century led to the rural communities of the peasants reshaping the landscape and defining their own rules" (48). The economy activity in rural regions was insignificant and there is the evidence that town and country were truly separated in economic, social and political life. Even though Italy was the distinct community with common heritage, culture was embraced by only a handful of intellectuals – Dante, Petrarch, historian Guicciardini, and few others. ... Their works were the bonds of material and emotional importance which linked together the peninsular inhabitants and counterbalanced its fragmented structure. "While the Latin language had been replaced by a cluster of regional dialects, it remained the standard mode of discourse of university education and of the professions of law, medicine, and theology" (Brucker 1). In addition to common language, Italians shared the same administration of justice - it was based on the principles of Roman law and applied in every Italian court. The power of Roman papacy in Italy was due to its wealth, administrative structure, and regulation of religious practices and beliefs. Despite of the great influence of Roman Empire over the Italy, Italian cities and towns managed to retain the physical features of those ancient sites. A native of Naples could travel to any other city and feel at home: the buildings, the streets, the social structure and culture were all the same (Brucker 1). Traders were the most cosmopolitan segment of the medieval Italy and travelled along with the pilgrims, soldiers seeking employment and workers. Such unity with the citizens without permanent place of living and similarity of all towns, helped to create the feeling of belonging to the community larger than their native village. The Roman papacy was the only Italian institution that provided the focus on the Italian history in the early medieval ages. The papacy had the direct influence on the every region and medieval popes were so preoccupied with the concerns for their security as well as with the expanding authority over the whole society, that they unwillingly shaped the Italian national identity.

Tranexamic Acid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tranexamic Acid - Essay Example The researchers indicate that tranexamic acid is an effective antifibrinolytic agent. Tranexamic acid competes with lysine for the binding sites on the plasminogen molecules. Thus, it effectively inhibits the formation of plasmin. The binding of tranexamic acid on lysine binding sites located on plasminogen molecules is reversible. Other studies have shown that a good number of orthopedics use tranexamic acid because of its safety, efficacy and affordability. The researchers conducted a double blind study involving 40 patients who had to undergo a unilateral TNR for osteoarthritis. The study occurred in a tertiary health care facility after obtaining approval from the hospital’s ethics committee. The procedure was conducted by three experienced orthopedic surgeons. The study aimed at determining whether tranexamic acid significantly reduces post operative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion in Indian patients undergoing TKR. One half of the group was given 10mg/kg of tranexamic acid prior to the surgery. The placebo group was given normal saline without tranexamic acid. The study found out that tranexamic acid significantly reduces post operative blood loss and the need for blood transfusions in patients undergoing TKR. However, the study lacked sufficient clinical evidence and literature to support the findings. The usefulness of the study to my research is that it illustrated the significance of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during surgical procedures. Furthermore, same results were posted in the study carried out by Dunn and Goa. The researchers’ study methodology relied on meta-analysis of previous studies. One study reported that the need for transfusion was reduced by 60% in patients administered with aprotinin (1005). On the other hand, the study indicated that administration of tranexamic acid reduced the need for transfusion by 43% (1005). In order to validate this information, the researchers conducted a meta-analysis of previous studies. The researchers utilized literatures that have been in the journals since 1966. The researchers used Adibase to locate literatures. In addition, the researchers found references from the list of published journals resourceful. The study endeavored to explore the use of tranexamic acid in surgery and other indications in order to recommend its usefulness and effects associated with its use. The researchers revealed that tranexamic acid can be used in various hemorrhagic conditions. They reported the acid can significantly reduce post operative blood lose and the need for blood transfusion. They noted that the acid is affordable and tolerable when compared to aprotinin. In addition, the researchers found out that tranexamic acid reduces mortality and urgent surgery in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The acid can also be use as an alternative to surgery in menorrhagia, reduces menstrual blood loss and, has been effectively used in reducing bleeding during child birth. The research seems to have been limited to literature that could be accessed via the search engine. The researchers also concentrated on past literature in evaluating their objective.

History-failure of Italian Revolutionaries Essay Example for Free

History-failure of Italian Revolutionaries Essay There were several factors affecting the failure of the Italian revolutionaries in the years 1820-49. Although the lack of popular support was a contributing factor, it is far less significant when compared to other aspects of the failure such as the intervention and military strength of Austria, the lack of unity between various revolutionary factions and the lack of outside help from other countries. One of the key factors of the revolutionary’s failures was due to the repeated involvement by Austria and its imposing army, who were a major force in Europe and the world at the time. Led by Metternich, the Austrian’s quashed revolution after revolution. For example, in 1821, where King Ferdinand had granted his state, Naples, a constitution out of ‘fear’, he appealed to Metternich for help, who duly obliged as he opposed the revolutionaries because they ‘disturbed the peace’ in the whole region. Therefore, in March 1821, Austrian troops marched into Naples and easily overran the rebel forces with a superior army in strength, training and weaponry. This made it almost impossible for any revolutionary group, whether united or separate, to outmatch the Austrians, whose military strength was far greater than the revolutionaries. This also occurred in 1848, when Charles Albert, revolutionary king of the most powerful state, Piedmont was twice devastated by the Austrian’s. First, in June, he was defeated in Custoza and forced to sign an armistice withdrawing from Lombardy and again in March 1849 where he was heavily defeated in Novaro. This was a theme throughout the entire time period of 1820-49, with Metternich crushing revolutions in Piedmont, Lombardy and Sicily among others, with this trend only declining when revolutions arose in Vienna, forcing Metternich to focus on events closer to home. Therefore Austrian military might was an overwhelmingly strong factor in the failure of every revolution in this time period. Another reason for the failures was a distinct lack of unity in almost all of the revolution, with the groups from different states and areas refusing to cooperate with each other as they were in the main more concerned with local affairs than the bigger picture of a united Italy. For example, in 1832, Modena appealed for help from the  revolutionary government of Bologna for no particular reason other than they didn’t want to communicate or cooperate with one another. Another example is the Sicilian revolutions. They started a revolution in their capital city of Palermo and had soon ousted the previous regime to replace it with a revolutionary provisional government. However, when revolutions spread to the mainland of Naples a few days later, they had no plans of assisting them; instead making their policies clear by breaking away from Naples and becoming an independent state. Instead of national or regional unity, they instead, from the entire period of 1820-1848, wanted a free and sovereign country of their own. The fact that the different groups didn’t cooperate with one another, and in some cases, such as this, had entirely dissimilar aims for having a revolution, meant that they could easily be overridden one by one because individually they were very weak. A lack of outside help from other countries that were meant to be enemies with Austria did not help the revolutionaries cause. At the beginning of the revolutions in 1820, fresh off the back of the establishment of the new republic in France after the French revolutions, there was the hope that they would support the Italian revolutionaries in overthrowing their reactionary rulers, just as the French had done to their own monarchs less than 30 years before. In 1831 as well, despite appeals for French help, their pleas were ignored and Austria swept the isolated revolutions aside. In fact, instead of assisting the revolutionaries, in 1848 they instead intervened seemingly on the other side of the revolutions in order to assist the Pope, but in doing so they overpowered the Roman Republic, a revolutionary area headed by Giuseppe Mazzini. The French military brought hardship upon the people of the Rome after defeating Mazzini, seemingly in a hypocritical way as they themselves had fought to rid themselves of an iron grip previously but were instead now the iron grip rulers. On the Popes return, the repressive regime present before the Roman Republic returned. This shows that the French were far more against the revolutions than for them. They would’ve been the natural protector of the revolutions due to their recent history and their hatred of Austria, but it wasn’t to be and this was a key reason in why the uprisings ultimately all failed. Despite these reasons, the lack of popular support was no doubt a contributing  factor into the revolutions failure. The fact that in most states, around 90% of the population were peasants, but were not included in any decisions or contributed to the fighting effort meant that there was never likely to be popular support, because peasants views were not heard so their living conditions wouldn’t necessarily change no matter who was in charge. They would most likely have very little idea of what was even happening in their state. For example, in 1831 the peasants were deliberately excluded from taking part in any form of the revolutions, except for in Sicily where peasants were involved. This was due to the fact that the middle class professionals believed that the poorly educated peasants would end up being detrimental to the cause and would spark their own revolution fighting for their rights and eventually leading to the rule of the mob. Overall, there were several key factors in the failure of the revolutions between 1820 and 1849, such as the might of Austria, the distinct lack of unity between revolutionary divisions and the lack of allies from the international community. Despite the importance of these factors, the lack of popular support cannot be ignored as a factor, but the middle classes had a steadfast fear that if they permitted peasant help, they would turn the cause into riots. This was seen in Sicily where peasant assistance was encouraged, but ended in the masses destroying property, freeing prisoners and burning tax collection papers, as they had the sole intention of causing anarchy. Therefore, the lack of popular support was not a crucial factor but merely a side point in the revolutions failures.

Dr. Abdus Salam :: biographies biography bio

Dr. Salam was born in the small village of Jhang, present day Pakistan in 1926 where he attended the first few years of school. His father was an official in the Department of Education for the poor farming district. A fast learner Dr. Salam attended the University of the Punjab at the age of 13 and at the age of 14 he received the highest numbers ever recorder for the Matriculation Examination at the university. Due to his outstanding grades he received a full scholarship to the Government College, University of Punjab. In 1946 he obtained his MA in physics and then that very same year he was awarded with a scholarship to St. John's College, Cambridge where he got a double BA with honors in mathematics and physics in 1949 and then a Ph. D in Theoretical Physics from Cambridge in 1952. At this point in his he had already received the Smith's Prize by the University of Cambridge for the most outstanding pre-doctoral contribution to physics (1950). Then in 1951 Dr. Salam returned to his roots to teach mathematics at the Government College, Lahore, Pakistan. Since Dr. Salam was a man who was very devoted to his religion and because he belonged to the Ahmadiyya Muslim sect, considered heretical by many Muslims, he decided to leave his beloved Pakistan when the stigma of being a part of the Ahmadiyya sect became too much and the realization that he would not be able to continue his research in physics in such conditions. So in 1954 Dr. Salam left Pakistan for a lectureship at Cambridge. After many years of contributions to the world of physics at many different schools and institutions, including, Cambridge, London University, Imperial College of London, Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, and many others, in 1979 Dr. Salam received a Nobel Prize in physics for the work he had done in the electroweak theory, "which is the mathematical and conceptual synthesis of the electromagnetic and weak interactions-the latest stage reached until now on the path towards the unification of the fundamental forces of nature. Salam, Sheldon Glashow, and Steven Weinberg arrived at the theory independently and shared the prize." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam). At this point he finally felt he had gotten the love of his beloved Pakistan and served on many Pakistani comities. Quantum Electrodynamics or QED is the quantum field theory which describes the properties of the electromagnetic forces. All forces or interactions of nature are thought to be comprised of 4 basic forces, Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong nuclear force, and the Weak nuclear force.

Ethics in Practice Case: Is There a Market for a Sustainable Hamburger? Essay

Coperate Citizenship: Social Responsibility, Responsiveness, and Performance â€Å"Ethics in Practice Case† Is There a Market for a Sustainable Hamburger? 1)Is the world ready for a socially responsible hamburger? Yes, I believe the world or at least the United States is ready for a socially responsible hamburger chain such as â€Å"Bugerville†. Any company that can be socially responsible but still produce a good product should be an example for other business not doing the same. How much would I be willing to pay assuming the burgers really taste good? I guess the amount I would be willing to pay would be somewhere market average or above just because they are socially responsible by buying local meat with no additives and powering their business with local treadmill power versus McDonald’s who has not taken the extra step to improve on their social responsibility. 2)What tensions among its economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities do you think are most pressing to â€Å"Burgerville†? Out of all the issues I believe â€Å"Burgerville† would have economic responsibility pressing them the most considering the prices might be a bit higher than others just because the go above and beyond the legal, ethical, philanthropic responsibilities. I do not believe this would be a pressing issue to the point of any major concern. 3)Does â€Å"Burgerville† sound like a business that might work in Oregon and Washington, but maybe not elsewhere? No, I believe it could be a business that would work and do well in several other places in the United States. It may not be able to use wind power in every state for instance, but they could make substations like solar panels instead, given the various resources and locations. What is the future of â€Å"Burgerville†? I personally believe the future of â€Å"Burgerville† is very bright because we as a society are holding businesses to higher standards and considering their socially responsible and a good company to work for they should expand rapidly.

Men and Women Eating Disorders

Modern society’s inclination to appreciate thin people has led to a significant increase in the incidence of eating disorders. While eating disorders are highly associated with women, the condition is not gender oriented and as such, can inflict both sexes. This paper discusses eating disorders that occur to both men and women. What is an Eating Disorder? Eating disorder is a condition where victims generally make use of food to achieve physical or emotional objective. This means that people with eating disorders may deprive themselves of food so they will become thin, or use starvation as a means to deal with unwanted feelings or emotions. Eating disorder is   popularly associated with   two conditions,   the anorexia nervosa and bulimia, both of which, can be generally defined as the extreme concern to body weight and image although such other conditions as rumination disorder and pica, which primarily occur among infants are also considered as eating disorders. Another form of eating disorder is binge eating which is most common among people who are on a diet. Psychologist Kelly Bemis described anorexia nervosa as â€Å"a complex physical, emotional, and behavioral changes occurring in individuals who starve themselves because of an aversion to food or weight gain† (Lucas, 2004). Those who suffer from anorexia nervosa are characterized by a false perception about their body size. This perception leads to self inflicted starvation or refusal to eat and which consequently results in severe weight loss that has devastating health and mental implications. Other weight loss strategies include vomiting several times in a day, using laxatives and over exercising. People who suffer from bulimia, on the other hand, are also characterized by the same extreme weight and image consciousness but they have a craving for food, which causes them to go for binge eating. Bulimics generally feel guilty when they overeat and to prevent themselves from gaining weight, use risky weight loss strategies similarly employed by anorexics. People  inflicted with bulimia and anorexia are both characterized with feelings of depression and anxiety. Unlike bulimia where victims overeat and purge themselves after by vomiting or using laxatives, people with binge eating conditions eat large amounts of food but do not purge themselves. They do not use laxatives nor vomit habitually but merely abstain themselves from eating or they go on a diet. A recent study conducted in Harvard Medical School showed that binge eating is now more prevalent than anorexia and bulimia (Stein, 2007). Among the symptoms of eating disorders include extreme weight loss; starvation or refusal to eat; frequent vomiting; obsession with exercise; and depression. Eating disorder is both a physiological and psychological condition, victims of which, do not only lose weight but also suffer from other psychological conditions such as depression. Eating Disorder among Women The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD) (1995) reported that ninety percent of the people who are inflicted with anorexia and bulimia are women. Eating disorder among women is reported to begin during the teen years, which when left untreated, can persist through adulthood. The onset of eating disorders among some girls are said to follow after traumatic and stressful life experiences such as leaving home or   death of a loved one. In the case of anorexia, women are usually within the range of 90 percent of ideal body weight before they develop the illness (Blinder, 2001). Eating disorders are also most prevalent among teen-age girls. The National Women's Health Report (1995) accounted that   Ã‚  girls who are at risk of developing eating disorders are highly successful individuals who have feelings of insecurity and who may resort to controlling their food intake and weight to make them feel powerful. Eating disorder among women is highly attributed to the society’s preferential treatment to slim women. One distinct symptom of eating disorder among women is the loss of monthly menstrual cycle, which is the result of being extremely undernourished causing impairment of normal bodily functions such as that of the reproductive organs. Eating Disorder among Men The reason why eating disorders have been greatly associated with women is because more women suffer from the disease than men. For this reason, eating disorders, such as anorexia in   men may become under-diagnosed because most people, even anorexics, are generally unaware that eating disorders can occur to both men and women (Blinder. 2001). Eating disorders, however, are not gender biased conditions and as such, there are also cases of men suffering from eating disorders. It is, in fact,   estimated that ten percent of the eight million people in the United States who suffer from eating disorders are men (â€Å"Issues for Men†, 2006). While symptoms, conditions and implications of eating disorder among men and women are generally almost similar, there are aspects that vary between men and women. For example, eating disorders are more likely to occur in girls who are achievers. In men, most likely sufferers are those who come from lower socioeconomic groups; those who feared competition, and those who were not successful in their academics and in their profession (Blinder. 2001). If culture dictates that men should be big and strong, why is it that eating disorders occur in some men? According to Blinder (2001), males with eating disorders experience â€Å"sexual isolation, sexual inactivity and conflicted homosexuality†. Gays, who are also pressured in becoming physically and professionally successful,   are thus most likely victims of eating disorder. As such, eating disorders is prevalent among male homosexuals. This, however, does not mean that heterosexual males do not develop eating disorders because they do. Male runners and jockeys, for example, who are involved in activities that necessitate low weight and who suffer from too much stress and pressure can develop eating disorders (â€Å"Issues for Men†, 2006 ). Unlike women who develop the condition because they perceive themselves  to be fat, most men who develop the disease are actually overweight prior to being inflicted with the condition. Conclusion While eating disorders have always been associated with women, a number of men also suffer from the condition. There are general similarities in eating disorders between men and women, both sexes primarily use food to lose weight and to deal with emotions. There is however some discrepancy in the characteristics of victims; physical perception and weight prior to illness; and symptoms such that girls lose their menstrual cycles as an effect of starvation. Because the condition is highly associated with women, treatment of males with eating disorders has been difficult. Some male bulimics and anorexics do not realize they suffer from eating disorders because they are not aware that the illness can strike both men and women. References Adolescent and Eating Disorders. (1995, Nov. 1). National Women's Health Report, 17, 3. Blinder, B (2001). Anorexia in males. Retrieved March 8, 2007 from http://www.ltspeed.com/bjblinder/anmales.htm Lucas, A. (2004). Demystifying Anorexia Nervosa: An Optimistic Guide to Understanding and Healing. New York: Oxford University Press Stein, R. (2007, Feb 1.). Bingeing Now Seen As Most Common Eating Disorder. Washington Post, A02

Little Boy Atomic Bomb in World War II

Little Boy Atomic Bomb in World War II Little Boy was the first atomic bomb used against Japan in World War II and was detonated over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The design was the work of a team led by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch at the Los Alamos Laboratory. A gun-type fission weapon, the Little Boy design utilized uranium-235 to create its nuclear reaction. Delivered to Tinian in the Marianas, the first Little Boy was carried to its target by the B-29 Superfortresses Enola Gay flown by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. of the 509th Composite Group. The Little Boy design was briefly retained in the years after World War II but was quickly eclipsed by newer weapons. The Manhattan Project Overseen by Major General Leslie Groves and scientist Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project was the name given to the United States efforts to build nuclear weapons during World War II. The first approach pursued by the project was the use of enriched uranium to create a weapon, as this material was known to be fissionable. To meet the projects needs, enriched uranium production began at a new facility in Oak Ridge, TN in early 1943. Around the same time, scientists began experimenting with various bomb prototypes at the Los Alamos Design Laboratory in New Mexico. Uranium Designs Early work focused on gun-type designs which fired one piece of uranium into another to create a nuclear chain reaction. While this approach proved promising for uranium-based bombs, it was less so for those utilizing plutonium. As a result, the scientists at Los Alamos began developing an implosion design for a plutonium-based bomb as this material was relatively more plentiful. By July 1944, the bulk of the research was focused on the plutonium designs and the uranium gun-type bomb was less of a priority. Leading the design team for the gun-type weapon, Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch succeeded in convincing his superiors that the design was worth pursuing if only as a back-up in case the plutonium bomb design failed. Pushing forward, Birchs team produced specifications for the bomb design in February 1945. Moving into production, the weapon, minus its uranium payload, was completed in early May. Dubbed the Mark I (Model 1850) and code-named Little Boy, the bombs uranium was not available until July. The final design measured 10 feet long and 28 inches in diameter. Little Boy Design A gun-type nuclear weapon, Little Boy relied on one mass of uranium-235 hitting another to create a nuclear reaction. As a result, the core component of the bomb was a smoothbore gun barrel through which the uranium projectile would be fired. The final design specified the use of 64 kilograms of uranium-235. Approximately 60% of this was formed into the projectile, which was a cylinder with a four-inch hole through the middle. The remaining 40% comprised the target which was a solid spike measuring seven inches long with a diameter of four inches. Commander A. Francis Birch (left) assembles the bomb while physicist Norman Ramsey watches. Public Domain When detonated, the projectile would be propelled down the barrel by a tungsten carbide and steel plug and would create a super-critical mass of uranium at impact. This mass was to be contained by a tungsten carbide and steel tamper and neutron reflector. Due to a lack of uranium-235, no full-scale test of the design occurred prior to the bombs construction. Also, due to its relatively simplistic design, Birchs team felt that only smaller-scale, laboratory tests were necessary to prove the concept. Though a design that virtually ensured success, Little Boy was relatively unsafe by modern standards, as several scenarios, such as a crash or electrical short circuit, could lead to a fizzle or accidental detonation. For detonation, Little Boy employed a three-stage fuse system which ensured that the bomber could escape and that it would explode at a preset altitude. This system employed a timer, barometric stage, and a set of doubly-redundant radar altimeters. "Little Boy" Atomic Bomb Type: Nuclear weaponNation: United StatesDesigner: Los Alamos LabratoryLength: 10 feetWeight: 9,700 poundsDiameter: 28 inchesFilling: Uranium-235Yield: 15 kilotons of TNT Delivery Use On July 14, several completed bomb units and the uranium projectile were shipped by train from Los Alamos to San Francisco. Here they were embarked aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis. Steaming at high speed, the cruiser delivered the bomb components to Tinian on July 26. That same day, the uranium target was flown to the island in three C-54 Skymasters from the 509th Composite Group. With all of the pieces on hand, bomb unit L11 was chosen and Little Boy assembled. Due to the danger of handling the bomb, the weaponeer assigned to it, Captain William S. Parsons, made the decision to delay inserting the cordite bags into the gun mechanism until the bomb was airborne. With the decision to use the weapon against the Japanese, Hiroshima was selected as the target and Little Boy was loaded aboard the B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay. Commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets, Enola Gay took off on August 6 and rendezvoused with two additional B-29s, which had been loaded with instrumentation and photographic equipment, over Iwo Jima. Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay landing after the atomic bombing mission on Hiroshima, Japan, 1945. U.S. Air Force Proceeding to Hiroshima, Enola Gay released Little Boy over the city at 8:15 AM. Falling for fifty-seven seconds, it detonated at the predetermined height of 1,900 feet with a blast equivalent to about 13-15 kilotons of TNT. Creating an area of complete devastation approximately two miles in diameter, the bomb, with its resulting shock wave and firestorm, effectively destroyed around 4.7 square miles of the city, killing 70,000-80,000 and injuring another 70,000. The first nuclear weapon used in wartime, it was quickly followed three days later by the use of Fat Man, a plutonium bomb, on Nagasaki. Postwar As it was not expected that the Little Boy design would be used again, many of the plans for the weapon were destroyed. This caused a problem in 1946 when a shortage of plutonium for new weapons led to the need to construct several uranium-based bombs as a stopgap. This resulted in a successful effort to recreate the original design and produced six assemblies. In 1947, the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance built 25 Little Boy assemblies though by the following year there was only enough fissionable material to arm ten. The last of the Little Boy units were removed from the inventory in January 1951.

Free sample - A vivid experience on explosion. translation missing

A vivid experience on explosion. A vivid experience on explosionThe December festive season is almost here with us again. This is the time where each and every shopping mall is a bee hive of activities. The last two days towards this big day are extremely busy. Majority of the people are found in the last minute rush moving from one stall to the next buying new clad and gifts for friends and family. Unfortunately, my mother and I were also finishing our selection on the last Sunday, a day before this wonderful day. A lot of people were in the supermarket. The parking was fully loaded. We were lucky enough to arrive early to find a place to park. Some minutes to noon we got into a jewelry stall when out of nowhere there was a big explosion. What struck my mind first was that an earthquake had ensued. I immediately started sweating trembling like a leave on cold weather. On looking back, I was met with people lying down swimming in blood. Women and children were screaming and pieces of glass were lying all over. Some people were running out of the shopping mall and the place resembled hell. Within a blink of an eye, the police arrived at the scene accompanied by two ambulances for offering first aid to the injured people. It then dawned on me that the explosion had been caused by a bomb which had been planted in one of the stall. After several questions from the police, we excused ourselves and left for home. Although my mother and I managed to escape unhurt, I could not help but to shed tears because we escaped narrowly. Later in the news that evening, it was confirmed that three people had lost their lives as a result of that explosion while a good number were still nursing injuries. It was a horrible experience. Since that day, the bloody images of injured people still occur in most of my dreams and I even sometimes scream late at night. This has affected me psychologically and I have been visiting a psychiatrist quite often to help me overcome this. My life was completely changed since that day although am trying very hard to get over this.

DAVID POOL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

DAVID POOL - Research Paper Example Dave Pool’s war tactics and strategies are best revealed during the Lawrence raid in 1863. Similarly, he undertook remarkable operations in March 1865 with Arch Clement, Jim Anderson and 144 other men in Sherman, Texas. It has been identified that Dave Pool joined Quantrill in July 1862 â€Å"after his uncle, Archibald Poole, was killed and his home sacked by jayhawkers and another member of his family shot† (Captain Francis Marion Pool 1837 – 1899). There are many who hold that Dave Pool is named after the famous Revolutionary War guerrilla, Francis Marion who was also known as the Swamp Fox. The role of the Quantrill Army was no less significant in the American Civil War that they exerted tremendous influence in determining the present status of America. That is why historians regard the Knights of the Golden Circle, or Quantrills Guerrillas or Quantrills Raiders as the most prominent group that helped the confederates. The Missouri-based band was formed in December 1861 by William Clark Quantrill and originally consisted of only ten men who were determined to right the wrongs done to Missourians by Union occupational soldiers (Longley & Eby, 2010). Kansas Jayhawkers and the Red Legs who have widespread in Missouri were their prime enemies. When the Civil War broke out the Quantrill guerrillas could attract many youngsters to their army and in a way they could act as the official arm of the Confederate Army after May 1862, when the Confederate Congress approved the Partisan Ranger Act (Longley & Eby, 2010). Some of the important leaders of Quantrills Guerrillas included William C. â€Å"Bloody Bill† Anderson, David Pool, William Gregg, and George Todd. Quantrill Army was the group of Confederate guerrilla fighters during the American Civil War. William Quantrill has often been referred to as the leader of the army who exhibited audacious nature from the very young age itself.

Monty python and the Holy Grail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monty python and the Holy Grail - Essay Example The main idea brought out by Blythe and Sweet is that the best way to understand and think of the swimmer is through the quest for the Holy Grail. The whole essay is mostly concentrated on relating The Swimmer to the Holy Grail. This idea is driven by the act of Neddy being helped by the old wise man, but not paying attention to his assistance, and the way he refuses to comprehend his inspiration and quest. On the other hand, the knights behave in a completely opposite manner from Neddy. These factors are what links Neddy to the Grail quest. The authors show how the Swimmer can be a story about a certain myth, and at the same time go through a critical examination and linking the Swimmer to the quest of the Holy Grail. In Cheever’s story, the lifestyle portrayed is hedonistic and sybaritic, involving a lot of drinking and partying. The cup is viewed as the Grail symbol, and here, it’s used for selfish enjoyment. Cheever uses a language that makes him Grail hero when int roducing his protagonist. Neddy Merrill has the feeling that he is a man with a destiny. Cheever insists that Neddy is a unique figure because of his youth slenderness and he has the physical ability to dive headfirst into the pool, displaying his swimming skills. He also has a wife, daughters and a mistress, which makes him a grail hero. As a Grail hero, Neddy begins his quest, but because he is drunk, he believes he can get to his home by water. His quest was a selfish one since he was doing everything just for himself.

Fashion Costume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fashion Costume - Essay Example This essay mainly focuses on describing terminology and types of clothes and fashion directions, that developed in fashion industry. Author suggests, that fashion is the holding style or tradition, as in dress or in their action or it is also defined as the latest and most valued style in clothes and in their behaviour. To some people, fashion is a form of art but to others fashion is nearly a religion but for most people it is way of using clothes. You can use fashion to carry yourself and also to describe your personality. In this essay various constituents of fashion are described, such as colour of clothes, lengthes, types of neckline and sleeves and different materials. For example, colours are necessary for our life because they make us feel brighter and fresh. Also this essay focuses on designers, who play a great role in telling other people and introducing fashion which is in. Media is the main source to introduce new fashions among common people. A few hypotheses and theories of fashion are described, for example a theory, that describes that wealth is necessary for maintaining clothin. Well-dressed person never wants to engage himself/herself in manual labour is the other example of such hypothese. There are some names that occupy a great position in fashion world (as fashion industry is related to the film or drama industry) such as: Howard Pyle, James Laver, Frankenstein, Pam cook, James Cameron, Edith Head, Jane Gaines, and Grace Kelly. Their influence on developing fashion costume is described in this essay.

The Successes And Failures Of The Obama Presidency Politics Essay

The Successes And Failures Of The Obama Presidency Politics Essay President Obama is seen as a successful President according to the website Politifact.com, out of the 502 promises he made during the 2008 election campaign he has so far kept 134, compromised on 41, broken 40, stalled on 69 and still has 220 in the works. He may, therefore, be seen to be a successful President. However, this was not reflected in the mid-term elections where the Democrats lost a considerable number of seats within the Senate and lost their majority within the House. In this essay I will assess the successes and failures of the Obama presidency against what he promised during his election campaign of 2008 and during his subsequent State of the Union address. I will also judge some of his successes and failures by reference to opinion polls from various news outlets, particularly whether the public approved of his handling of certain situations such as unemployment and the BP oil disaster. I will first assess his domestic successes and failures then his foreign policy successes and failures, while assessing what it means to his presidency specifically and the American political system. President Obama knew when he came into office that his first priority was to fix the economy after the recession of 2008-2009. He introduced the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 which provided a stimulus to the country; it was split into three parts at a cost of $787 billion. One-third in tax cuts and tax credits to help overcome the hardships of the recession, such as an increase in food stamp benefits and unemployment benefits; one-third on the infrastructure of the country, which included projects on transport and highway and bridge construction and repair. Finally, one-third on state stabilization to stop the states cutting essential services that the public need, such as teachers.  [2]  President Obama also bailed out the car industry, specifically Chrysler and GM, at a cost of $17.4 billion.  [3]  The necessity to save the car industry was evident as it could have led to a double dip recession. GM alone employed 300,000 workers within the United States, an d if it was to fall into insolvent administration it would have had a large impact on the economy. President Obama also initiated Cash for Clunkers scheme in which owners of cars could trade them in for more fuel efficient cars. This was very popular as the initial $1 billion in subsidies for this program was supposed to last for 90 days but actually only lasted for 9.  [4]  He also brought in measures to help nine million homeowners facing foreclosure on their homes and who could not afford to repay their mortgages. The purpose was to offer mortgage companies subsidies and incentives to help troubled home owners.  [5]   Obama also brought in regulation to control the banks after they started making profits again. He stated: We are not going to let Wall Street take the money and run  [6]  and imposed conditions before the banks could escape George W Bushs Troubled Asset Relief Programme (TARP) in which money was given to the banks in total costing $700 billion.  [7]  Even though the stimulus was intended to create jobs, they were not planned to be created until 2010-2011. In 2009 unemployment was 10% of the workforce and as of March 2011 the unemployment rate still hovers around the 10% mark.  [8]   Overall Obama has kept most of his promises regarding the economy, with very few promises broken.  [9]  However, in a poll of how he handled the economy his approval rating is only at 45% (January 2011) with 54% disapproving.  [10]  This shows that the public thinks he is handling the economy quite badly. Critics have pointed out that he has done well on the economy with Nouriel Roubini in an article in the Financial Times pointing out that he has inherited the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression and that the stimulus did the right thing early and avoided another depression  [11]  Without the stimulus Jonathan Alter makes the point that 8.5 million workers would have lost their jobs. He has done well in regulating the banks and TARP with the loans with added interest that were made having now been paid back. The figures are seen as impressive as instead of $700 billion being owed to the Government, the Government is owed just under $100 billion. The Clash for Clunkers programme is estimated to have saved 120,000 jobs.  [12]  The auto industry has also been greatly improved creating 55,000 new jobs and GM paying back its bailout money five years ahead of schedule.  [13]  Obama recalls that It wasnt an easy callà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But we decided that while providing additional assistance was a risk, the far greater risk to families and communities across our country was to do nothing.    I knew this wasnt a popular decision. But it was the right one.  [14]   The way he dealt with the housing crisis was seen to go not quite so smoothly as of the 9 million homeowners the plan hoped to assist, only 3 million were actually helped. This was due to the fact that the legislation was directed at people who the Obama administration saw as having a good reason to stay in their homes; these people often worked full time and had received sub prime mortgages. The legislation helped stop house prices falling by the predicted 20% and instead increased them by 5% although house prices are still of considerable concern to the US economy.  [15]   Where Obama has failed is in job creation. It is at its worst since 1982. Newt Gingrich of the Republican Party commented If were still at 9 or 10 percent unemployment in 2012, this is a one term president no matter how articulate he is. The unemployment rate is furthermore one of the factors why the Democrats failed in the mid-term elections losing control of the House.  [16]  As Alter states, for Obama even to be considered a success he must bring down unemployment.  [17]  Obama has been able to pass all of his economic legislation quite easily due to his previous super majorities within the House and the Senate after the election of 2008. However, as he has now reached the mid-terms and the Republican party have a majority hold within the House, he will have a much difficult time as the Republican party are likely to resist his legislative proposals. This is becoming apparent in the differences in Congress over this years budget proposals and points to the difficulty when any president is faced with his party being in a minority within Congress. One of Obamas major pledges was to reform the ailing healthcare system, as it would greatly increase the countrys debt. Healthcare spending has grown to such an extent that it is predicted to rise from one-sixth of GDP in 2009 to one-third in 2035, and by 2080 nearly half of U.S. GDP would be spent on healthcare according to the Congressional Budget Office.  [18]  Healthcare premiums had also doubled and the numbers of uninsured Americans would surpass 50 million. Families have told of being bankrupted by paying for the medical care, and of the bad treatment from insurance companies.  [19]  Obama and a Democrat Congress implemented a healthcare plan which contained new federal regulation of insurance, help for states on Medicaid, an increase in the affordability of healthcare and higher fees on employers who do not provide insurance.  [20]  This was met with fierce opposition from some on the right of the political spectrum such that no Republican congressmen voted for it , mainly encouraged by those from the extreme right of the political spectrum, such as the Tea Party movement. The healthcare plan was seen as a success as it was one of Obamas key campaign promises to ensure that some sort of healthcare plan became law, and he again mentioned in his 2010 State of the Union Address that he wanted to implement some healthcare reform.  [21]  He got his wish with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Although seen as a success in that he got the Democratic Congress to pass the necessary legislation, it proved unpopular with the public with one poll giving 38% approving of the healthcare plan and 53% opposing it.  [22]  However, different news organisations reported different numbers at separate times. President Obama had to rely on his presidential powers of persuasion and bargaining to get this legislation through Congress, as he influenced Senators, House members and even tried unsuccessfully to get Republicans on his side. At various times he tried to influence public opinion that such legislation was necessary. The legislation is also subject to numerous court challenges with Judge Roger Vinson in the Federal District of Pensalcola, Florida ruling that the whole legislation was void, not just the provisions for compulsory insurance.  [23]  It is likely that the Supreme Court will eventually be called upon to rule on the legislation. The importance of a president leading on controversial legislation and using all of his powers of persuasion to carry Congress and the public with him is demonstrated by the healthcare legislation. President Obamas other domestic policy initiatives include bringing in legislation on the repeal of dont ask dont tell, which stops the military from infringing on the rights of homosexual citizens if they choose to join the military; his education reforms which gave the power to close poor performing schools (which Bill Gates rated him a A for); and the equal pay legislation which promises equal pay for jobs that have equal standing. Obamas biggest domestic disaster came with the BP oil spill. Obama could be said to have handled the BP oil spill poorly as he was slow to respond and criticised for not being more emotive on the issue, saying in an interview that This is not a theatre.  [24]  Polls at the time showed a low approval rating of just 41%.  [25]  Nevertheless once the issue was resolved, it was quickly forgotten about by the media and the Government. President Obamas foreign policy is one of both successes and failures. One of Obamas main campaign promises was to withdraw from Iraq which he successfully completed on the 31 August 2010 with only a handful of troops staying in Iraq to advise Iraqi forces.  [26]  Afghanistan was the most controversial foreign policy decision during his presidency with Dick Cheney accusing him of dithering. Obama after much deliberation sent 30,000 more troops into Afghanistan with the decision to withdraw some troops in summer 2011. The President of Afghanistan accepted cash bribes from Iran which caused embarrassment to the Obama administration and General McChrystal and his staff criticised the Commander in Chief in a magazine article, calling him unimpressive and uncomfortable and intimidated. He was dismissed and replaced by General David Petraeus. Obama has made positive steps to improve U.S.-Russia relations which saw a dispute with the Bush administration over the missile defence system i n Eastern Europe which Russia strongly opposed. Obama scrapped this idea and began talks with the Russians and these resulted in good levels of cooperation with Russia over issues such as Iran and North Korea, and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) which was approved by the Senate and became effective on the 5 February 2011.  [27]  28He made the aid funding to Pakistan conditional on its controlling terrorist activities. Obama has been successful in banning torture as an interrogation technique. He has been criticised from the right as being slow in supporting the Iranian uprisings in 2009. However, he was said to have exercised restraint on the issue as he did not want the Iranian government claiming that it was an American sponsored uprising.  [29]  Again he was criticised over his handling of the popular uprisings for democracy in 2011 in the Arab nations, such as Egypt and Tunisia, with Christopher Hitchens calling the slow response to these uprisings as a dithering responseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[which has] been both cynical and naive.  [30]  The same too could be said about Obamas response to the Libyan rebellion. However, it is clear that Obama wanted a multilateral response, particularly from the Arab League, and UN approval before rushing into another war.  [31]   Obama has tried to enhance relations with other countries, unsuccessfully in the case of Iran and North Korea, but successfully with Europe, China and more particularly with Russia. His meeting with the Russian President in June, 2010 at the White House was said to mark the highest point of Russian-U.S. relations since Bill Clinton went to Moscow to mark Victory Day.  [32]   Obama is said to be badly at odds with Israel with the Financial Times stating: Mr. Obama initially played tough with Mr. Netanyahu but then backed downSettlement expansion puts out of reach an agreement on borders The US veto at the UN badly damaged Mr. Obamas credibility. The resolution, after all, reflected the White Houses own stated position..Mr. Obama must choose between prevarication and the chance to sustain US influence in the worlds most troubled and strategically vital region.  [33]   His biggest failures to date are Afghanistan and Guantanamo Bay. Obama acknowledges that progress in Afghanistan is limited and fragile although there has been success in resisting the Taliban and Al-Qaida.  [34]  It is still unpopular with the American public with just 31% of the American public thinking Afghanistan is worth fighting for.  [35]  Obamas most problematic issue comes with Guantanamo Bay with the website Politifact.com listing it as a broken promise. Congress and the President remaining at odds over where to put the prisoners due to the refusal of Congress to allow detainees to be imprisoned within the United States . On the 7 March 2011 Obama signed an executive order making a number of changes to his policies, with a number of news outlets noting that it is an acknowledgement that he could not keep his campaign promise of closing Guantanamo Bay.  [36]   President Obama has overall seen far more successes than failures during his Presidency although he has yet to convince the American people. Although this could all change with the losses during the mid-term elections as he will find it a lot harder to pass his legislation. His recent reforms are under threat from the Republicans, such as Healthcare and environmental legislation which they want to scrap.  [37]  The President has been nicknamed no drama Obama but as the Financial Times states this is often perceived as him having a sense of aloofness and on the national and international stage a sense of unwillingness to lead.  [38]  At the end of last week 64 senators, 32 Republican and 32 democrats, asked the President to lead on a comprehensive plan to deal with fiscal policy. As the Financial Times points out in a leader, Mr Obama should be embarrassed that the Senate finds it necessary to ask him to do his job.  [39]  The importance of a president providing leadership is again emphasised. His priorities should be to deal with the issues facing Afghanistan, the US debt burden and the unemployment crisis, because as Newt Gingrich stated he will have a hard time becoming re-elected in 2012 if he does not solve these issues. These issues will no doubt have to be grappled with by any president elected in 2012.

Investigating for Cations and Anions :: Papers

Investigating for Cations and Anions In this experiment I will investigate what cations and anions are present in various compounds. This will include carrying out a qualitative analysis, because I need to find out what type of cations and anions are there and not quantitative analysis, which includes finding out how much of each element there is. Safety Points:  · Wear glasses  · Wear gloves  · Do not mix more than two solutions  · Only mix the solutions listed by the teacher  · Handle the chemicals with extreme care  · Put the chemical solutions into a test-tube which is resting on a test-tube holder  · Follow school lab safety procedures. Materials:  · Various chemicals.  · Test tubes.  · Boiling tubes.  · Pipettes.  · Test tube holder.  · Bench mat. Method  · I first copied the chemical solutions listed.  · I put on some gloves and safety glasses.  · I got a test-tube holder and placed five test-tubes in it. Cations  · I added the test solutions Copper Chloride to the test-tube.  · To this I added a few drops of Sodium Hydroxide solution. After the few drops a pale blue precipitate of Copper Hydroxide appeared that indicated the presence of Cu ions.  · I then added the test solution Iron Chloride to the second test-tube.  · To this I added a few drops of Sodium Hydroxide.  · After that a brown precipitate of Iron Hydroxide appeared that indicated the presence of Fe ions.  · To the 3rd test-tube, I added the solution Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and added Dilute Sodium Hydroxide.  · I quickly covered the test-tube with a delivery tube and put the end of it into another test-tube with limewater.  · The limewater turned a cloudy/milky colour which indicated that there was CO present. Anions  · In the 4th test-tube, I poured the solution Copper Chloride into the test-tube.

Discuss the reasons for the global distribution of heart disease Essay

â€Å"h The nature of Coronary Heart Disease. What is it? â€Å"h The Global distribution of Coronary Heart Disease. â€Å"h The likely causes for this – include diet, smoking, lack of exercise as a minimum. For the heart to function properly, your heart needs a steady supply of oxygen from the blood, which flows through the coronary arteries, to the heart muscle. Coronary heart disease is a term used to describe the condition when the supply is blocked by fatty deposits or a thrombosis. The arteries become blocked due to a build up of fatty material in the lining. This causes the artery to become narrower, then the heart must pump harder to force the blood through. This causes the blood pressure to rise. There are three classifications of Coronary heart disease. If the coronary arteries become partly blocked, the person may experience chest pains brought on by exertion, which desist when resting again. This form of coronary heart disease is known as angina pectoris. The pain is caused by the shortage of blood to the heart muscles. With this form of coronary heart disease there is no death of the muscle tissue. If the arteries become completely blocked by a thrombus, this will cause a myocardial infarction, more commonly known as a heart attack. During a heart attack the lack of oxygen being pumped to the heart causes the heart muscle to die, and can also be fatal. Although many people survive with immediate medical attention. The other type of coronary heart disease is heart failure. This is the blockage of the main coronary artery, which leads to the gradual damage of the heart muscles. When this occurs, the heart will become weaker and weaker  until it eventually stops pumping blood around the body efficiently. Coronary heart disease was unknown before the 20th century. The main reason for this is most probably because the majority of people died of something else before they could die of coronary heart disease. Usually some kind of infectious disease. Coronary Heart Disease is more prominent in developed countries. The main reasons for this are stress, bad diets, lack of exercise, smoking and drinking. In developed countries we are more used to taking the bus or using a car rather than walking or cycling to where we want to get to. With increasing obesity we are also getting an increase of coronary heart disease. The distribution across the United Kingdom varies. For example, the people in the UK most likely to get coronary heart disease are those in the north west of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Manual workers are at a higher risk than those who have desk jobs are. South Asians in the UK are more likely get coronary heart disease than any other ethnic group. Men are also at greater risk than women are. The most common way for coronary heart disease start is when the coronary arteries become blocked by a build up of fatty deposits, known as cholesterol. The deposits form plaques in the lining of the artery, which narrows the arteries. Also making them less elastic. The narrowing of the arteries is called arteriosclerosis. This occurs when the lining is damaged, most likely due to high blood pressure. These breaks are taken over by phagocytes. These growth factors that stimulate the growth of smooth muscle cells. Cholesterol is a fatty substance made from the saturated fat that you eat. It is essential for cells to stay healthy. Lipoproteins carry cholesterol through the body, in the blood stream. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) take cholesterol from the liver, and take it to the cells, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) carry excess cholesterol back to the liver. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is the one that tends to build up on the walls of the arteries. If your level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is too high, the high-density lipoproteins will not be able to remove the cholesterol sufficiently and you will be at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Thrombosis (blood clots) can also cause the coronary arteries to narrow, putting you at risk of heart attack. Coronary thrombosis occurs when blood turns from a liquid form to a solid form, creating a clot in one of the coronary arteries and stopping blood supply from getting to the heart muscle. Coronary thrombosis usually occurs at the site of existing arteriosclerosis. Agerisk increase with age. Although coronary heart disease can begin in early life Sexmales at a much higher risk than women (women protected by oestrogen until menopause, but will still be protected if they have HRT) Weightbeing overweight or obese will increase your chances Diethigh intake of animal (saturated) fats means high risk of coronary heart disease. Blood cholesterolhigh blood cholesterol levels results in high risk of coronary heart disease. High blood pressurehigh blood pressure causes higher risk of coronary heart disease. Smokingcombines with the other factors. Most common factor. Multiplies risk of getting coronary heart disease. Exercisemore exercise reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. Hereditysome families are at higher risk than others are Diabetesdiabetics have higher risk Alcoholexcessive drinking causes high blood pressure, increase risk of atheroslerosis. Moderate intake can be protective. Social classheart disease more likely to occur among manual workers The way to prevent getting coronary heart disease is to limit your intake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and to keep you intake of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol high. Ways you can do this include: â€Å"h Reducing the amount of food we eat containing saturated fat, as the body turns this fat into low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. â€Å"h Avoiding excessive intake of egg yolks, most meats, such as pork, lamb, beef and veal, also butter, full fat milk and cream cheeses. â€Å"h Eating more pea, lentils, beans, and oats will also help to lower cholesterol as they contain fibre. â€Å"h Eat more vegetables, pulses, cereals, and fruit. â€Å"h Higher intake of anti-oxidant vitamins, such as vitamins C and E. These vitamins can prevent saturated fat being converted into cholesterol by your body. â€Å"h Nuts, like Brazil nuts are rich in selenium. This protects the body from tissue damage, like that damage causes by a myocardial infarction â€Å"h Exercising is also very important. As well as being able to control your weight, also has been proven to increase the body’s levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Which in its turn keeps your low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels down. Walking and swimming are two of the  best forms of exercise. â€Å"h Eat more oily fish like kippers, pilchards, trout, herring, sardines, mackerel and salmon. These fish contain oils that can lessen the risk of thrombosis. â€Å"h If you are a smoker, the most important thing to do to reduce your risk of coronary heart disease is to stop smoking. Smoking is the major cause of coronary thrombosis in people under 50 years old Bibliography www.who.int/ncd/cvd www.who.int/whosid/ www.nhsdirect.nhs.ukhttp://nhlbisupport.com/chd1/chdexp.htm